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Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia characterized by irregular and often rapid heart rate, which can lead to several complications if left untreated. One of the most serious potential complications of untreated atrial fibrillation is the increased risk of stroke. This occurs because the chaotic electrical activity in the atria can lead to poor blood flow and stasis in the atrial appendage, where blood clots can form.

If a clot dislodges, it can travel to the brain, resulting in a cerebrovascular accident or stroke. The risk of stroke associated with atrial fibrillation is significant; studies suggest that patients with AF have a fivefold increased risk of stroke compared to those without. Hence, recognizing and managing atrial fibrillation appropriately is critical to preventing this life-threatening complication.

The other choices presented do not directly correlate to the immediate risks associated with untreated atrial fibrillation. Increased exercise tolerance is typically not a relevant factor as AF often results in decreased exercise capacity due to symptoms like palpitations and fatigue. Peripheral artery disease is a separate cardiovascular condition that does not arise from atrial fibrillation directly. Similarly, while heart murmurs can be indicative of underlying heart conditions, they are not a direct complication resulting from untreated